Math

Associative Interference

A few months ago I joked, How Long Till the Polynomials?   

All kidding aside, I knew there was a pebble in my shoe around the polynomials, I just couldn't pinpoint the issue at the time.

Turns out it was more than a pebble.

Cut to a few weeks ago, and I was attempting to write my own "Solve for Expressions" question. I emailed the first draft to PWNtheSAT so he could take it for a test drive, and I got back the following message:

"I don't see how to get from what you're giving me to what you want......Is there a trick I'm not seeing?"

That was my first inkling that something was very wrong, but I checked my work and sent him my steps:

First this: (a - b)², then that:  (a + b)(a - b), etc. etc.

And then he emailed me again:

"Look at your second step!"

And just like that, in the blink of an eye, I had my polynomial epiphany.

(Incidentally, I'm baring my soul here in case there's anyone out there who might benefit from knowing that it's okay not to know everything.)

Mortified, I wrote back, "I'm scaring you now, right? I'm beyond your scope, aren't I?"

Then he told me it's a big distinction, but a common mistake (and I am choosing to believe him about the "common mistake" part, if only to maintain the courage to soldier on, and not die from embarrassment.) And, I'll try not to obsess about what other holes might be lurking.

I called my friend Catherine who attempted to console me.  "It's not you," she said, "It's called associative interference. Have you read Wickelgren?"

And then she sent me a post she'd written, from which I will quote, because it did make me feel better: Why is Remembering What You've Learned About Math Hard?

It's the similarity between the facts. That is, the fact 3 + 5 = 8 is not so different from 3 + 6 = 9. They both contain 3's; they both contain +'s, and they both contain single-digit numbers....

Thus, to a child beginning to learn such facts, the facts overlap in the brain, creating a blur that makes it easy to confuse them and difficult to remember any single answer. In cognitive psychology, this "blur" is called associative interference, which occurs when one idea, A, is linked in the mind to two or more other ideas. It's like static on the radio, which often occurs when other stations or electrical impulses interfere with a radio station's music or speech. 

Anyhoo, I adapted my "Solve for Expressions" question to incorporate all areas of confusion:

If a² = 4 and b² = 9, which of the following could equal c in the following equation:   c(a - b)² = 2(a² - b²)

A) -10

B) -2

C) .5

D) 2

E) 25

 

Hopefully, "the issue" is now resolved.  I did have a moment of satisfaction when I ran across a need to know this piece of information yesterday, while taking a full, timed, practice test.

As always, any and all attempts to answer the question above in the comments below, will make my day.

 

Illustrations by Jennifer Orkin Lewis

 
  • Anon

    A. The RHS is -10. a is +2 or -2, b is +3 or -3. If a is 2 and b is 3, then a-b is -1, so (a-b)^2 is 1 and c=-10 is possible. If one wants also to rule out the other answers, then: c has to be negative, because (a-b)^2 is positive. c=-2, the only other negative option, is impossible because it would mean (a-b)^2 would have to be 5, so a-b would have to be plus or minus square root of 5 - which is impossible, since a and b are integers.

    Maybe even trickier would have been a question where you'd only find a solution if you took a positive value for a and a negative value for b or vice versa? E.g., have the same question, but have -2/5 as the correct answer?

    • http://www.perfectscoreproject.com Debbie Stier

      It's funny that you should say that, because that's what I was originally trying to do and I kept tripping myself up.

      Sometimes, the problems take me so long because I'm trying to fold in too many difficult things at once.

      I took 3 days trying -- to write a word problem using 1.75/.5 (or maybe it's 1.75 x .5.  I can't remember right now.)  -- and I got SO CLOSE but couldn't do it. There's a whole book about this....but I'm too tired to extrapolate right now -- plus, it's worth it's own blog post.  So later!  Tomorrow maybe.

      THANK YOU FOR DOING MY PROBLEM.  

  • Anon

    Or if you prefer, cancel a-b, which is probably what you intended people to do?

    • http://www.perfectscoreproject.com Debbie Stier

      I don't think I DID intend that (I'll check my notes tomorrow -- I did this a few weeks ago)....but wow......another polynomialepiphany.  Thank you!

  • http://twitter.com/akilbello Akil Bello

    I refuse to answer on the grounds I'll need a pencil

    • http://www.perfectscoreproject.com Debbie Stier

      I take that as a HUGE compliment.

  • V-Tang

    The answer's A. If a^2=4, then we can assume that a=2. If b^2=9, then we can assume that b=3.

    Then solve. You end up with c=-10.

    • http://www.perfectscoreproject.com Debbie Stier

      You got it!  And thank you for making my day ;)

  • http://www.facebook.com/people/Catherine-Johnson/100001040094552 Catherine Johnson

    Associative interference is a huge and chronic problem for novice students in math.

    I've begun to wonder whether teaching (& practicing & testing) the 'jargon' - the technical language - might help. 

    When I started trying to teach myself starter combinatorics this year, I couldn't keep hold of the distinction between combinations and permutations for quite some time. Worse yet, when people would tell me that "order matters" in one (permutations) and doesn't matter in the other (combinations), that didn't particularly help, either.

    I think it's possible the reason these explanations did so little to clear up my confusion may have been simply that they **sound** too much alike for a person who is struggling to grasp a key distinction and is thus juggling a lot of content in working memory.

    The opening chapters of The Art of Problem Solving book on Counting & Probability were a huge help --- and I think, too, that it was useful to have the two technical terms always in consciousness: combination and permutation. Those two words are different!

    I can't explain it any better than this....but I can give another example from the factoring of quadratic equations.

    Say you're asked to factor x^2 + 12x + 32

    You are looking for a set of FACTORS of 32 that are ADDENDS of 12. I think it would have been astronomically helpful to me to have had someone use those precise words in teaching the concept, which no person or book ever did.

    The striking and undeniable difference between the words "factors" and "addends" is a kind of "scaffold" for the mathematical difference.....

    At least, that's what I'm thinking at the moment.

    I'm wondering whether the same can be said for grammar. When you're trying to teach writing to 18-year olds who have learned essentially no formal grammar at all, you're dealing with the problem that, to them, all grammatical structures look alike. A phrase is a clause is a sentence etc.

    Teaching the terminology for the different grammatical structures doesn't teach the structure -- BUT I suspect that it may help speed the process if only because the student is constantly being reminded that differences exist.

    • http://www.perfectscoreproject.com Debbie Stier

      The jargon is absolutely part of the confusion for me -- and if it's confusing for me, I can't imagine I'm so much different than your average high schooler.

      I've attached a typical "explanation" from the College Board online course.  This one is for a Writing Question that I got wrong.  It's got so much jargon that I'm no better than before I read it.

      Fine to use the jargon -- but then schools need to start teaching the jargon!

      Are there really high schoolers who know what "apossitives,"  "dependent clauses," and "subordinate nouns" are?

      • Anon

         Pretty sure it's a "subordinate (noun phrase)" not a "(subordinate noun) phrase" in case that helps.

        • http://www.perfectscoreproject.com Debbie Stier

          Well, it helps to know that there are people out there who care enough to try to help me out ;)  

          But unfortunately, it doesn't help because I don't know the jargon so it might as well be woof woof woof to me ;)  

          In fact I'm in the middle of writing a blog post right now about that very issue.  

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  • http://www.perfectscoreproject.com Debbie Stier

    Turns out "my" personal confusion/associative interference is actually SO COMMON that it actually has it's own wikipedia page:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshman%27s_dream 

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